{"id":160,"date":"2014-12-06T11:15:30","date_gmt":"2014-12-06T16:15:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meyn.coron.us\/?page_id=160"},"modified":"2014-12-06T11:15:30","modified_gmt":"2014-12-06T16:15:30","slug":"buildings-as-batteries-balancing-and-frequency-regulation-from-commercial-buildings","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/publications\/buildings-as-batteries-balancing-and-frequency-regulation-from-commercial-buildings\/","title":{"rendered":"Buildings as Batteries: Balancing and Frequency Regulation from Commercial Buildings"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It is universally recognized that the volatility of renewable energy poses \u00a0 new challenges to the electric grid. Resources are needed to compensate for uncontrollable fluctuations in power generation. The federal energy regulatory commission (FERC) in conjunction with generation and utility companies are struggling to find resources for providing ancillary services, and finding ways to properly compensate for these services. FERC orders 755 and 745 are examples of such attempts to provide incentives.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div><em>Batteries are very expensive<\/em> is a common explanation for the potentially high cost of volatility. Our response is that <em>storage is everywhere<\/em>: \u00a0we do not need to depend entirely on batteries or additional fast-responding gas-generators. In recent work we have shown that most electrical loads can be converted into virtual batteries at low cost without impacting the quality of service (QoS) provide by the loads.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>The main idea is illustrated below. \u00a0Flexible loads ramp up and down their consumption, each in a specific frequency band dictated by QoS constraints. \u00a0The resulting deviation in power consumption appears to the grid operator exactly the same as a battery used for frequency regulation or balancing reserves.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><a href=\"\/meyn\/assets\/uploads\/2014\/12\/VisionARPA-E.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-128 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/671\/2014\/12\/VisionARPA-E-1.png\" alt=\"VisionARPA-E\" width=\"528\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/671\/2014\/12\/VisionARPA-E-1.png 528w, https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/671\/2014\/12\/VisionARPA-E-1-300x117.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><i>\u00a0<\/i><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><em><strong>Buildings as batteries<\/strong><\/em> The thermal inertia of a building is analogous to a battery that is charged and discharged to supply ancillary service to the grid. \u00a0 \u00a0In recent research we have exploited this analogy to create demand response systems based on the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) \u00a0systems in commercial buildings. \u00a0Based on building models \u00a0we argue that \u00a0there is virtually no change to the indoor climate \u00a0if the airflow rate in the HVAC system is increased by 10% for 20 minutes, and decreased by 10% for the next 20 minutes.<\/p>\n<div>The amount of untapped \u00a0<em>virtual storage<\/em>\u00a0available from commercial buildings alone is enormous because HVAC systems account for greater than 30% of the electricity consumed in the United States. \u00a0For frequency regulation, \u00a0it is demonstrated in [haomidbarey12,haolinkowbarmey14]\u00a0 that a simple software upgrades can be installed in commercial buildings to obtain nearly perfect tracking of the PJM RegD signal, \u00a0while simultaneously providing perfect climate quality for the building. \u00a0Experiments conducted on a single typical building on the UF campus showed that several kWs of capacity were available for frequency regulation.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Considering all similar buildings in the U.S., \u00a0the potential capacity available from fans in buildings in this high frequency bandwidth is about 6 GW, or about \u00a070% of the required frequency regulation reserves required in the U.S. [haolinkowbarmey14]. \u00a0The potential capacity over a larger bandwidth is far greater: \u00a0 In [linmeybar13] we estimate that potential virtual storage capacity from building HVAC systems in the bandwidth [1\/(1 [hour]) \\; 1\/(10 [min.])] is approximately <strong>42 GW<\/strong>!<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>Buildings are just a starting point &#8211; see our websites for more sources of ancillary service.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><a href=\"\/meyn\/assets\/uploads\/2014\/12\/building_Allerton.pdf\">LINK<\/a><\/div>\n<div>@inproceedings{haomidbarey12,<\/div>\n<div>Author = {Hao, He and Middelkoop, Tim and Barooah, Prabir and Meyn, Sean},<\/div>\n<div>Booktitle = {50th {Allerton} Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing},<\/div>\n<div>Pages = {1908-1913},<\/div>\n<div>Title = {How demand response from commercial buildings will provide the regulation needs of the grid},<\/div>\n<div>Year = {2012}}<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><a href=\"\/meyn\/assets\/uploads\/2014\/12\/linmeybar-13.pdf\">LINK<\/a><\/div>\n<div>@inproceedings{linmeybar13,<\/div>\n<div>Author = {Lin, Yashen and Meyn, Sean P. and Barooah, Prabir},<\/div>\n<div>Booktitle = {{Proceedings of IEEE SmartGridComm}},<\/div>\n<div>Month = {October 21-24},<\/div>\n<div>Title = {Low-Frequency Power-Grid Ancillary Services From Commercial Building {HVAC} Systems},<\/div>\n<div>Year = {2013}}<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><a href=\"\/meyn\/assets\/uploads\/2014\/12\/HVACtoGRID2014.pdf\">LINK<\/a><\/div>\n<div>@article{haolinkowbarmey14,<\/div>\n<div>Author = {Hao, H. and Lin, Y. and Kowli, A.S. and Barooah, P. and Meyn, S.},<\/div>\n<div>Journal = {IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid},<\/div>\n<div>Month = {July},<\/div>\n<div>Number = {4},<\/div>\n<div>Pages = {2066-2074},<\/div>\n<div>Title = {Ancillary Service to the Grid Through Control of Fans in Commercial Building {HVAC} Systems},<\/div>\n<div>Volume = {5},<\/div>\n<div>Year = {2014}}<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"rteright\"><em>Patents pending<\/em><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It is universally recognized that the volatility of renewable energy poses \u00a0 new challenges to the electric grid. Resources are needed to compensate for uncontrollable fluctuations in power generation. The federal energy regulatory commission (FERC) in conjunction with generation and utility companies are struggling to find resources for providing ancillary services, and finding ways to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1347,"featured_media":0,"parent":27,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/page-section-nav.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"featured_post":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-160","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/160","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1347"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=160"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/160\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/faculty.eng.ufl.edu\/meyn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}